[
  {
    "id": "a-lange-sohne",
    "name": "A. Lange & Söhne",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "A. Lange & Söhne traces its watchmaking roots to Glashütte, Germany, where Ferdinand Adolph Lange founded a workshop in 1845. The company says Walter Lange re-established the brand in 1990 and that its watches are manufactured in Glashütte.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.alange-soehne.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.alange-soehne.com/ae-en/services",
      "https://www.alange-soehne.com/us-en/timepieces"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Service URL opened only a maintenance shell with no supporting brand text; details rely on indexed official-page excerpts."
  },
  {
    "id": "amazfit",
    "name": "Amazfit",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "Amazfit is a smartwatch and fitness wearable brand. Its official US product catalogue lists T-Rex, Balance, Cheetah, Active and Bip watch families; the page is a regional shop, so range and availability can differ elsewhere.",
    "collections": ["T-Rex", "Balance", "Cheetah", "Active", "Bip"],
    "official_url": "https://us.amazfit.com/products/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://us.amazfit.com/products/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official US product catalogue verifies listed families. It does not substantiate company origin; regional storefront may not represent every market."
  },
  {
    "id": "anonimo",
    "name": "Anonimo",
    "origin_country": "Italy",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Anonimo says it was founded in Florence in 1997 and describes the later move of its headquarters to Switzerland; its page names Militare and Nautilo lines.",
    "collections": ["Militare", "Nautilo"],
    "official_url": "https://anonimo.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://anonimo.com/pages/about", "https://anonimo.com/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page: Florence founding and 2013 Swiss headquarters move."
  },
  {
    "id": "apple-watch",
    "name": "Apple Watch",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "Apple's smartwatch product family. Apple's current model comparison separates the mainstream Series, Ultra and SE lines, and its product pages link setup help and Apple Watch support resources.",
    "collections": ["Series", "Ultra", "SE"],
    "official_url": "https://www.apple.com/watch/",
    "support_url": "https://support.apple.com/watch",
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.apple.com/watch/",
      "https://www.apple.com/watch/compare/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official Apple Watch page confirms current Series, Ultra and SE product families and support links. It does not establish company origin or legal-entity ownership; those fields are null."
  },
  {
    "id": "armin-strom",
    "name": "Armin Strom",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Armin Strom's official catalogue lists System 78, Resonance and Masterpieces collections. Its site identifies the brand's Swiss watchmaking setting and describes its own manufacture; collection data is taken from the live catalogue.",
    "collections": ["System 78", "Resonance", "Masterpieces"],
    "official_url": "https://arminstrom.com/watch-collection/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://arminstrom.com/watch-collection/",
      "https://arminstrom.com/faq/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "atelier-wen",
    "name": "Atelier Wen",
    "origin_country": "Hong Kong",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Independent brand whose identity centres on Chinese design and craftsmanship; its FAQ says components are made in stages at facilities across China. Its catalogue includes Perception, Inflection, Millésime and Ancestra families.",
    "collections": ["Perception", "Inflection", "Millésime", "Ancestra"],
    "official_url": "https://atelierwen.com/",
    "support_url": "https://us.atelierwen.com/pages/faqs",
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://atelierwen.com/",
      "https://us.atelierwen.com/pages/faqs",
      "https://atelierwen.com/blogs/journal/presenting-inflection-in-tantalum"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "audemars-piguet",
    "name": "Audemars Piguet",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Audemars Piguet's official collections page lists Code 11.59, Royal Oak, Royal Oak Offshore and Royal Oak Concept. The catalogue page is the source for current family names recorded in this reference.",
    "collections": [
      "Code 11.59",
      "Royal Oak",
      "Royal Oak Offshore",
      "Royal Oak Concept"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.audemarspiguet.com/en/collections",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.audemarspiguet.com/en/collections",
      "https://www.audemarspiguet.com/gb/en/services/all-services"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "balmain",
    "name": "Balmain",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Fashion watch brand",
    "summary": "Balmain is a Paris-founded fashion house whose watches are produced through the Swatch Group's Swiss watch operation. The group says Montres Balmain is based in Saint-Imier, Switzerland, and holds worldwide watch manufacturing and distribution rights.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/balmain",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/balmain",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "baltic",
    "name": "Baltic",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Baltic says founder Etienne Malec created the brand in 2016, drawing inspiration from his father's watch collection. The company describes its watches as designed and assembled in France, with components sourced across several regions.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://baltic-watches.com/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://baltic-watches.com/en/about-us"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page: founded in 2016; assembly/adjustment in Besançon, France."
  },
  {
    "id": "baume-mercier",
    "name": "Baume & Mercier",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Baume & Mercier is a Swiss watchmaker with a 200-year heritage. Damiani Group completed its purchase from Richemont on 1 July 2026; its official UK catalogue currently lists Clifton, Riviera, Classima and Hampton collections.",
    "collections": ["Clifton", "Riviera", "Classima", "Hampton"],
    "official_url": "https://www.baume-et-mercier.com/gb/en/watches/men-watches.html",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Damiani Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.baume-et-mercier.com/gb/en/watches/men-watches.html",
      "https://www.baume-et-mercier.com/en/watches/clifton.html",
      "https://www.richemont.com/news-media/press-releases-news/richemont-and-the-damiani-group-announce-the-completion-of-the-acquisition-of-baume-mercier-by-the-damiani-group/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "bausele",
    "name": "Bausele",
    "origin_country": "Australia",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Australian-designed watch brand founded in Sydney in 2011. Its signature crown chamber encloses a physical Australian element; the current catalogue includes Elemental and Air Force watches and uses Swiss movements.",
    "collections": ["Elemental", "Air Force"],
    "official_url": "https://www.bausele.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.bausele.com/pages/bausele-history",
      "https://www.bausele.com/collections",
      "https://www.bausele.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official history supports Sydney 2011 and Australian element in crown chamber. Current collections page confirms Elemental and Air Force; OceanMoon not visible and removed."
  },
  {
    "id": "beaubleu",
    "name": "Beaubleu",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Beaubleu’s official catalogue lists collections including La Pièce, Figura, Seconde Française, and Ecce.",
    "collections": ["Seconde Française", "Union", "Vitruve", "Ecce", "Figura"],
    "official_url": "https://beaubleu-paris.com/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://beaubleu-paris.com/en/collections"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Collections page: maison’s named collections."
  },
  {
    "id": "bell-ross",
    "name": "Bell & Ross",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Bell & Ross says it was founded in 1994 by Carlos-A. Rosillo and Bruno Belamich, bringing aviation-inspired design to professional watches. The official history names BR-03, BR-05, BR-X3, and BR-X5 as current design families.",
    "collections": ["BR-03", "BR-05", "BR-X3", "BR-X5"],
    "official_url": "https://bellross.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://bellross.com/fr-eur/pages/histoire"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page in French: founding narrative, aviation design and BR family names."
  },
  {
    "id": "blancpain",
    "name": "Blancpain",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Blancpain's official Swatch Group profile traces its foundation to 1735 in the Swiss Jura. The profile lists Villeret, Fifty Fathoms, Women and Métiers d'Art among its current collection families.",
    "collections": ["Villeret", "Fifty Fathoms", "Women", "Métiers d'Art"],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/blancpain",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/blancpain",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "bovet",
    "name": "Bovet 1822",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Bovet's official collection page lists Dimier, Fleurier and Les Ateliers Bovet. The page presents these as its current collection and bespoke-programme categories; detailed heritage claims are omitted.",
    "collections": ["Dimier", "Fleurier", "Les Ateliers Bovet"],
    "official_url": "https://www.bovet.com/collections/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.bovet.com/collections/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "breguet",
    "name": "Breguet",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Abraham-Louis Breguet was born in Neuchâtel and opened his watchmaking workshop in Paris in 1775. The present brand is listed in the Swatch Group watch portfolio; collection names are omitted here.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.breguet.com/en/breguet-house",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.breguet.com/en/breguet-house",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/breguet",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "breitling",
    "name": "Breitling",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Breitling's official US collections catalogue lists Navitimer, Chronomat, Superocean Heritage, Avenger, Classic AVI, Premier, Top Time, Superocean and Professional. The list reflects that market's current website.",
    "collections": [
      "Navitimer",
      "Chronomat",
      "Superocean Heritage",
      "Avenger",
      "Classic AVI",
      "Premier",
      "Top Time",
      "Superocean",
      "Professional"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.breitling.com/us-en/collections/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.breitling.com/us-en/collections/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "bremont",
    "name": "Bremont",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Bremont identifies itself as a British watch company headquartered in Henley-on-Thames. Its company history describes a focus on pilot watches and mechanical timepieces, and says the brand operates a manufacturing and technology centre in England.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.bremont.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.bremont.com/pages/about-bremont",
      "https://www.bremont.com/en-us/pages/our-philosophies-of-watchmaking"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page: British identity, Henley-on-Thames headquarters and manufacturing-centre context."
  },
  {
    "id": "brew",
    "name": "Brew Watch Co.",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Brew Watch Co. is the watch company of industrial designer Jonathan Ferrer. Its official catalogue features Metric, Super Metric, Metric Lite and Retrograph designs; the Metric dial includes markers highlighting the optimal espresso brewing time.",
    "collections": ["Metric", "Super Metric", "Metric Lite", "Retrograph"],
    "official_url": "https://www.brew-watches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.brew-watches.com/",
      "https://www.brew-watches.com/pages/about-us"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official about page identifies Jonathan Ferrer as founder and explains Metric espresso markers. Reviewed page does not establish New York origin; removed."
  },
  {
    "id": "bruno-sohnle",
    "name": "Bruno Söhnle Glashütte",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Bruno Söhnle identifies its watch brand with Glashütte and describes a design approach combining traditional local aesthetics with modern elegance. Its official men's catalogue lists families including Brunello, Facetta, Grandioso, Rondo, and München.",
    "collections": ["Brunello", "Facetta", "Grandioso", "Rondo", "München"],
    "official_url": "https://www.brunosoehnle-glashuette.com/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.brunosoehnle-glashuette.com/en/about-us/the-brand",
      "https://www.brunosoehnle-glashuette.com/en/men-s-watches"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Brand page: Glashütte watchmaking and brand history."
  },
  {
    "id": "bulgari",
    "name": "Bulgari",
    "origin_country": "Italy",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Bulgari's official watch catalogue connects Italian design with Swiss watchmaking and lists collections including Serpenti, Octo, Bulgari Aluminium, and Bulgari Bulgari. This catalogue entry records the house's Italian heritage rather than a claim about watch production location.",
    "collections": ["Serpenti", "Octo", "Bulgari Aluminium", "Bulgari Bulgari"],
    "official_url": "https://www.bulgari.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.bulgari.com/it-it/collection/watches"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Italian watch catalogue: named collections; distinguishes Italian design from Swiss watchmaking."
  },
  {
    "id": "bulova",
    "name": "Bulova",
    "origin_country": "United States",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Watch brand founded by Joseph Bulova in New York in 1875. Its official history describes company innovations in standardised production and electronic timekeeping and identifies Precisionist and Curv among its collections.",
    "collections": ["Precisionist", "Curv"],
    "official_url": "https://www.bulova.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.bulova.com/about.html"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "cwc",
    "name": "Cabot Watch Company (CWC)",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Cabot Watch Company says it was established in 1972 to make military watches for British forces. Its current catalogue includes military-issued, heritage reissue, G10, G40, W10, and diver families; the company states its watches are Swiss-made.",
    "collections": [
      "Military Issued",
      "Heritage Reissue",
      "G10",
      "G40",
      "W10 / Mellor",
      "Divers"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.cwcwatch.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.cwcwatch.com/pages/about-us",
      "https://www.cwcwatch.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page: catalogue navigation exposed military and heritage lines."
  },
  {
    "id": "casio",
    "name": "Casio",
    "origin_country": "Japan",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Japanese electronics company with a watch business that began in 1974. Its wristwatch brand portfolio includes G-SHOCK, CASIO Vintage, EDIFICE, BABY-G and PRO TREK, with distinct designs and use cases described on its brand overview.",
    "collections": ["CASIO Vintage", "EDIFICE", "BABY-G", "PRO TREK"],
    "official_url": "https://www.casio.com/uk/watches/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Casio Computer Co., Ltd.",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.casio.com/europe/watches/brandsites-overview/",
      "https://world.casio.com/content/dam/casio/global/corporate/en/ir/library/annual/2020/Integrated_2020_s_en.pdf"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "certina",
    "name": "Certina",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Certina's Swatch Group profile dates the company to 1888 and identifies Grenchen as its Swiss founding place. The profile also describes its DS (Double Security) case concept and its current DS Action range.",
    "collections": ["DS Action"],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/certina",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/certina",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "charlie-paris",
    "name": "Charlie Paris",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Charlie Paris’s official collections page presents named watch ranges including Initial, GRX, Concordia, Horizon, Monceau, and Sully.",
    "collections": [
      "Initial",
      "Horizon",
      "Concordia",
      "Sully",
      "Monceau",
      "Aurore"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://charlie-paris.com/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://charlie-paris.com/en/collections"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Collections page: named watch ranges and “Designed & Made in Paris.”"
  },
  {
    "id": "chopard",
    "name": "Chopard",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Chopard's official men's watch catalogue currently features Alpine Eagle and its size variants. The page is a product catalogue rather than a full corporate history; no other collection names are included in this entry.",
    "collections": ["Alpine Eagle"],
    "official_url": "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/our-men-watch-universe.html",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.chopard.com/en-us/our-men-watch-universe.html"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "christopher-ward",
    "name": "Christopher Ward",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Christopher Ward describes itself as an English-Swiss watchmaker, pairing English design with Swiss watchmaking expertise. Its official corporate brochure describes the brand's online-first positioning and identifies co-founders Mike France and Peter Ellis.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.christopherward.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.christopherward.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites/cw-library/default/dwdd81a244/pdfs/christopher-ward-corporate-brochure.pdf"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official corporate brochure was indexed in search; direct PDF retrieval failed, so details are excerpt-based."
  },
  {
    "id": "ciga-design",
    "name": "CIGA Design",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "CIGA Design is an original designer-watch brand established in 2016. The company describes a design-led approach using global watchmaking resources and says its watches are assembled in China; current catalogue families include Aventur, Edge, Everest and Zodiac.",
    "collections": ["Aventur", "Edge", "Everest", "Zodiac"],
    "official_url": "https://cigadesignwatch.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://cigadesign.com/en-int/pages/about-ciga-design",
      "https://cigadesignwatch.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official brand story confirms 2016 founding, China assembly and named families. Assembly location is not treated as brand-origin evidence. Country is left unknown because the reviewed China assembly statement does not establish brand origin."
  },
  {
    "id": "citizen",
    "name": "Citizen",
    "origin_country": "Japan",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Japanese watch manufacturer whose predecessor was founded in 1918; its first named pocket watch was released in 1924. The brand describes in-house production and highlights Eco-Drive light-powered watches and satellite-synchronised timepieces.",
    "collections": ["Eco-Drive", "The CITIZEN"],
    "official_url": "https://www.citizenwatch-global.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Citizen Watch Co., Ltd.",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.citizenwatch-global.com/about/",
      "https://www.citizenwatch-global.com/the-citizen/about/history.html"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "corum",
    "name": "Corum",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Corum's official press room lists five current collection pillars: Admiral, Golden Bridge, Bubble, Heritage and LAB. Its press office gives a La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland address; no ownership is assigned here.",
    "collections": ["Admiral", "Golden Bridge", "Bubble", "Heritage", "LAB"],
    "official_url": "https://press.corum-watches.com/the-collection/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://press.corum-watches.com/the-collection/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official press collection page returned HTTP 401; row relies on official search-fetched page content."
  },
  {
    "id": "credor",
    "name": "Credor",
    "origin_country": "Japan",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Japanese dress-watch brand presented by Seiko as an expression of Japanese aesthetics and artisan craft. Its named lines include Goldfeather, Locomotive and the Masterpiece Collection; its official site also lists repair and battery-replacement service contacts.",
    "collections": ["Goldfeather", "Locomotive", "Masterpiece Collection"],
    "official_url": "https://www.credor.com/",
    "support_url": "https://www.credor.com/afterservice/centers/",
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.credor.com/",
      "https://www.credor.com/afterservice/centers/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official page directly identifies Credor as a Japanese-origin dress-watch brand and lists Goldfeather and Locomotive."
  },
  {
    "id": "czapek",
    "name": "Czapek Genève",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Czapek's official catalogue lists Antarctique, Quai des Bergues, Faubourg de Cracovie, Place Vendôme and Promenade families. The brand site refers to its Geneva history and current watchmaking approach.",
    "collections": [
      "Antarctique",
      "Quai des Bergues",
      "Faubourg de Cracovie",
      "Place Vendôme",
      "Promenade"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.czapek.com/czapek-watches",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.czapek.com/czapek-watches",
      "https://www.czapek.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "damasko",
    "name": "Damasko",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Damasko describes itself as a German family watch company and says it produces watches in Germany. Its company pages describe work on materials and watch movements, while the official catalogue includes DC and DF models.",
    "collections": ["DC", "DF"],
    "official_url": "https://www.damasko-watches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.damasko-watches.com/en/Company-Technologies/Manufactory/",
      "https://www.damasko-watches.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Manufactory page: company and production/technology approach."
  },
  {
    "id": "daniel-wellington",
    "name": "Daniel Wellington",
    "origin_country": "Sweden",
    "category": "Fashion watch brand",
    "summary": "Swedish fashion-watch and accessories brand founded in 2011. Its official story says products are designed in Stockholm and describes minimalist, versatile watches with interchangeable straps; the current site lists Classic, Petite and Mini watch lines.",
    "collections": ["Classic", "Petite", "Mini"],
    "official_url": "https://www.danielwellington.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Daniel Wellington AB",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.danielwellington.com/pages/our-story",
      "https://www.danielwellington.com/de-de/pages/impressum"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official story page directly supports 2011 and Stockholm design; official legal imprint supports the Swedish company identity. Current collection labels appear in the official site navigation."
  },
  {
    "id": "de-bethune",
    "name": "De Bethune",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "De Bethune describes itself as an independent Swiss manufacture. Its current official catalogue presents DB25, DB27, DB28, DB29, DB Eight and other named families; this entry records only examples explicitly listed on the site.",
    "collections": ["DB25", "DB27", "DB28", "DB29", "DB Eight"],
    "official_url": "https://www.debethune.ch/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.debethune.ch/",
      "https://www.debethune.ch/collections/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "doxa",
    "name": "DOXA",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "DOXA's official European catalogue presents a family of SUB watches, with named variants including SUB 200, SUB 300, SUB 600T and DOXA Army. This record uses product-family names only and makes no availability claim.",
    "collections": ["SUB 200", "SUB 300", "SUB 600T", "DOXA Army"],
    "official_url": "https://eu.doxawatches.com/collections",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://eu.doxawatches.com/collections"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "eberhard-and-co",
    "name": "Eberhard & Co.",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Eberhard & Co. says it was founded in La Chaux-de-Fonds in 1887. Its official collections page currently lists Contodat, 1887, Chrono 4, Contograf, Traversetolo and Gilda families.",
    "collections": [
      "Contodat",
      "1887",
      "Chrono 4",
      "Contograf",
      "Traversetolo",
      "Gilda"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.eberhard-co-watches.ch/en/collections/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.eberhard-co-watches.ch/en/collections/",
      "https://www.eberhard-co-watches.ch/en/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "elliot-brown",
    "name": "Elliot Brown",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Elliot Brown says it is based at a working boatyard on Poole Harbour in the United Kingdom and designs watches around outdoor use. Its official catalogue includes Beachmaster, Holton, Arne, Bloxworth, Canford, and Kimmeridge families.",
    "collections": [
      "Beachmaster",
      "Holton",
      "Arne",
      "Bloxworth",
      "Canford",
      "Kimmeridge"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://elliotbrownwatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://elliotbrownwatches.com/pages/about-us",
      "https://elliotbrownwatches.com/en-us/collections"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page: Poole Harbour location and model families."
  },
  {
    "id": "farer",
    "name": "Farer",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Farer calls itself an independent British watch company and says its watches are designed in London and made with Swiss manufacturing partners. The brand describes a catalogue that spans dive watches, chronographs, and dress designs.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://farer.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://farer.com/pages/our-story"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Our Story: British company, London design and Swiss manufacturing partners."
  },
  {
    "id": "fears",
    "name": "Fears",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Fears says it was established in Bristol in 1846 and is now run by the founding family. Its current watch catalogue includes Brunswick, Redcliff, Arnos, and Eminence families, with the company describing its watches as hand-built in Britain.",
    "collections": ["Brunswick", "Redcliff", "Arnos", "Eminence"],
    "official_url": "https://www.fearswatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.fearswatches.com/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Homepage: Bristol heritage, British watchmaking claim and named model families."
  },
  {
    "id": "festina",
    "name": "Festina",
    "origin_country": "Spain",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Watch brand listed within the Festina Group portfolio. The group’s official brand page describes more than a century of watchmaking history and a current range spanning classic, contemporary and sporty styles; its product catalogue differs by market.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.festinagroup.com/nuestras-marcas/festina/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Festina Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.festinagroup.com/nuestras-marcas/festina/",
      "https://festinagroup.com/press/contenido/en/Festina/Festina_SwissMade2020_ENG.pdf"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official group brand page was opened and confirms the current brand portfolio and more-than-century positioning. A group press PDF identifies Festina as a Spanish brand, while origin/birthplace details are not stated on the reviewed brand page; country is the current national identity, not a manufacturing claim."
  },
  {
    "id": "fitbit",
    "name": "Fitbit",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "Wearable brand whose current product catalogue includes fitness trackers and smartwatch lines. Google's official store lists Charge, Inspire, Versa, Sense and Ace LTE products alongside Pixel Watch devices.",
    "collections": ["Charge", "Inspire", "Versa", "Sense", "Ace LTE"],
    "official_url": "https://store.google.com/category/watches_trackers?hl=en-US",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://store.google.com/category/watches_trackers?hl=en-US"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Google Store lists Charge, Inspire, Versa, Sense and Ace LTE. Product evidence only; origin and separate legal owner are not substantiated."
  },
  {
    "id": "fiyta",
    "name": "FIYTA",
    "origin_country": "China",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Chinese watch brand founded in Shenzhen in 1987. Its official store lists broad Classic, Elegance, Craftsmanship and Space groupings, with named lines including Aeronautics, Photographer, Ocean Diver, Mars-500 and Spacewalk.",
    "collections": [
      "Classic",
      "Elegance",
      "Craftsmanship",
      "Space",
      "Aeronautics",
      "Photographer",
      "Ocean Diver",
      "Mars-500",
      "Spacewalk"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://store.fiyta.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://store.fiyta.com/",
      "https://store.fiyta.com/collections/all"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "flik-flak",
    "name": "Flik Flak",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Flik Flak is a Swiss children's watch brand launched in 1987. Its Swatch Group profile describes Story Time and Power Time products and a concept intended to help children learn to read the time.",
    "collections": ["Story Time", "Power Time"],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/flik-flak",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/flik-flak",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "fortis",
    "name": "Fortis",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Fortis's official catalogue identifies the company as family-owned since 1912 and lists Novonaut, Flieger, Marinemaster, Stratoliner and Vagabond families. The brand states that its watches are made in Grenchen, Switzerland.",
    "collections": [
      "Novonaut",
      "Flieger",
      "Marinemaster",
      "Stratoliner",
      "Vagabond"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.fortis-swiss.com/collections",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.fortis-swiss.com/collections",
      "https://www.fortis-swiss.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "fossil",
    "name": "Fossil",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Fashion watch brand",
    "summary": "Fossil is a watch and accessories brand whose official catalogue includes Sport, Rugged, Automatic, Dive, Shaped and Classic styles. Its current US store highlights named watch families including Raquel, Harlow, Everett, Carlie, Machine, Neutra and Townsman.",
    "collections": [
      "Raquel",
      "Harlow",
      "Everett",
      "Carlie",
      "Machine",
      "Neutra",
      "Townsman"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.fossil.com/en-us/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.fossil.com/en-us/",
      "https://www.fossil.com/en-us/featured/the-edit/about-us/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official about and US catalogue pages were opened and support the product categories and family names. No country-of-origin or legal-parent claim is made."
  },
  {
    "id": "g-shock",
    "name": "G-SHOCK",
    "origin_country": "Japan",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Casio's shock-resistant watch brand, launched in 1983 after a development project begun in 1981. Official ranges include the Origin, 5600, 2100, MR-G, MT-G, G-STEEL and Adventure families.",
    "collections": [
      "Origin",
      "5600 Series",
      "2100 Series",
      "MR-G",
      "MT-G",
      "G-STEEL",
      "Adventure Collection"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.casio.com/uk/watches/gshock/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Casio Computer Co., Ltd. (Casio brand)",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://gshock.casio.com/uk/identity/",
      "https://www.casio.com/uk/watches/gshock/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official identity page confirms the 1981 project, 1983 launch and listed series; names include product families."
  },
  {
    "id": "garmin",
    "name": "Garmin Watches",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "Garmin's smartwatch portfolio includes sport and outdoor product families. Its official running-watch guide groups Forerunner, Fēnix, Enduro and Venu watches as options for runners with different feature priorities.",
    "collections": ["Forerunner", "Fēnix", "Enduro", "Venu"],
    "official_url": "https://www.garmin.com/en-US/which-watch/running/",
    "support_url": "https://support.garmin.com/",
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.garmin.com/en-US/which-watch/running/",
      "https://www.garmin.com/en-US/company/history/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official Garmin catalogue/history pages returned a JavaScript-required page without readable details. Product-family names retained from official-site search excerpts; country and ownership null."
  },
  {
    "id": "garrick",
    "name": "Garrick",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Garrick identifies itself as an English watchmaker founded by David Brailsford and Simon Michlmayr. Its official pages place its workshop in Norfolk and list the S2, S3, and S7 timepieces among its current watch families.",
    "collections": ["S2", "S3", "S7"],
    "official_url": "https://garrick.co.uk/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://garrick.co.uk/pages/about-us",
      "https://garrick.co.uk/collections/all"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page: founders and Norfolk workshop."
  },
  {
    "id": "girard-perregaux",
    "name": "Girard-Perregaux",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Girard-Perregaux describes itself as an independent Swiss manufacture founded in 1791. Its official US catalogue lists Grand Complications, Laureato, Bridges, 1966, Vintage 1945, Cat's Eye and Legacy Editions.",
    "collections": [
      "Grand Complications",
      "Laureato",
      "Bridges",
      "1966",
      "Vintage 1945",
      "Cat's Eye",
      "Legacy Editions"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.girard-perregaux.com/en-us",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.girard-perregaux.com/en-us"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "glashutte-original",
    "name": "Glashütte Original",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Glashütte Original says its watchmaking tradition is rooted in the Saxon town of Glashütte and traces its heritage to 1845. The company identifies itself as a German watchmaker and describes a modern manufacture based in Glashütte.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.glashuette-original.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.glashuette-original.com/en/the-brand-glashutte-original/history/",
      "https://www.glashuette-original.com/en/the-brand-glashutte-original/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page: Glashütte/Saxony heritage and 1845 history."
  },
  {
    "id": "google-pixel-watch",
    "name": "Google Pixel Watch",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "Google's smartwatch family, presented alongside Fitbit devices in the Google Store wearables catalogue. Official product pages describe fitness, health, safety and phone-connected functions; model families include Pixel Watch and Fitbit products.",
    "collections": ["Pixel Watch"],
    "official_url": "https://store.google.com/category/watches_trackers?hl=en-US",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://store.google.com/category/watches_trackers?hl=en-US",
      "https://store.google.com/product/pixel_watch_4?hl=en-US"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Google Store lists Pixel Watch alongside Fitbit products. This catalogue does not substantiate corporate origin or legal ownership; null."
  },
  {
    "id": "grand-seiko",
    "name": "Grand Seiko",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Luxury watch brand established in 1960 with a stated aim of combining precision, durability, legibility and beauty. Its catalogue is organised into Heritage, Sport, Elegance, Evolution 9 and Masterpiece collections.",
    "collections": [
      "Heritage",
      "Sport",
      "Elegance",
      "Evolution 9",
      "Masterpiece"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.grand-seiko.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.grand-seiko.com/se-en/worldofgrandseiko/aboutgrandseiko/history",
      "https://www.grand-seiko.com/jp-ja/collections/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official history confirms 1960 launch and named collections but does not state country of origin; origin_country is null."
  },
  {
    "id": "h-moser-cie",
    "name": "H. Moser & Cie.",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "H. Moser & Cie.'s official site presents the Streamliner, Pioneer, Endeavour and Heritage collections. The company describes itself as an independent manufacture; this row records the current collection families shown on its site.",
    "collections": ["Streamliner", "Pioneer", "Endeavour", "Heritage"],
    "official_url": "https://www.h-moser.com/en",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.h-moser.com/en"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "halios",
    "name": "Halios",
    "origin_country": "Canada",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Independent dive-watch company founded in 2009 by Jason Lim. The company says its manufacturing partners are located internationally, while final quality control and testing are performed in Vancouver, Canada.",
    "collections": ["Seaforth", "Universa"],
    "official_url": "https://halioswatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Independent; founded by Jason Lim",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://halioswatches.com/pages/about",
      "https://halioswatches.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official About confirms 2009 founding, founder Jason Lim, international production partners and final QC/testing in Vancouver. Current named families visible on official page."
  },
  {
    "id": "hamilton",
    "name": "Hamilton",
    "origin_country": "United States",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Hamilton began in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1892. Its history page describes the American beginnings and states its watches are crafted in Switzerland; the catalogue records the United States as founding origin.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/hamilton",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/hamilton",
      "https://www.hamiltonwatch.com/en-ch/company/hamilton-watches-history",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "herbelin",
    "name": "Herbelin",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Herbelin’s official heritage page presents collections including Newport, Cap Camarat, Art Déco, Antarès, and several other named lines.",
    "collections": ["Newport", "Antarès"],
    "official_url": "https://herbelin.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://herbelin.com/pages/notre-heritage"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Heritage page in French: named collections and French watchmaking positioning."
  },
  {
    "id": "hmt",
    "name": "HMT Watches",
    "origin_country": "India",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Indian public-sector watch brand under HMT Limited. The official history says its watch unit began in Bengaluru in collaboration with Citizen in 1961; the current site lists Pilot Automatic, Janata Automatic, Jawan Automatic, Vijay and other lines.",
    "collections": [
      "Pilot Automatic",
      "Janata Automatic",
      "Jawan Automatic",
      "Vijay",
      "Bahadur",
      "Ravi"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.hmtwatches.in/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "HMT Limited",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.hmtwatches.in/about_us",
      "https://www.hmtwatches.in/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "huawei-watch",
    "name": "HUAWEI Watch",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "HUAWEI Watch is a wearable product family, included as a smartwatch specialist rather than a traditional watchmaker. The opened global wearables page directly displayed a HUAWEI WATCH 6 Pro, but its family navigation was not readable in this capture.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/wearables/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://consumer.huawei.com/en/wearables/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official global page was opened but dynamic family navigation rendered blank; only WATCH 6 Pro was readable. Broader family list removed pending readable official evidence; origin null."
  },
  {
    "id": "hublot",
    "name": "Hublot",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Hublot is part of LVMH's Watches & Jewelry portfolio. Its official US catalogue page confirms the Classic Fusion collection and presents watch variants; this entry does not infer any availability outside the page's selected market.",
    "collections": ["Classic Fusion"],
    "official_url": "https://www.hublot.com/en-us/find-your-hublot/classic-fusion",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "LVMH",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.hublot.com/en-us/find-your-hublot/classic-fusion",
      "https://www.lvmh.com/our-maisons/watches-jewelry"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "iwc-schaffhausen",
    "name": "IWC Schaffhausen",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "IWC was established in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, in 1868 by American watchmaker Florentine Ariosto Jones. Richemont's profile describes its engineering focus; the brand's official collection page lists Pilot's Watches, Portugieser, Portofino, Ingenieur and Aquatimer.",
    "collections": [
      "Pilot's Watches",
      "Portugieser",
      "Portofino",
      "Ingenieur",
      "Aquatimer"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.iwc.com/en/collection/pilots/IW503801/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Richemont",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.iwc.com/en/collection/pilots/IW503801/",
      "https://www.richemont.com/our-maisons/iwc-schaffhausen/",
      "https://www.richemont.com/media/zsoin1fd/iwc-rjccoc-pressrelease-en.pdf"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official product URL returned an inaccessible response; only official search-fetched catalogue text was usable for this row."
  },
  {
    "id": "jaeger-lecoultre",
    "name": "Jaeger-LeCoultre",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Jaeger-LeCoultre was founded in Le Sentier, Switzerland, in 1833. Its current official watch page lists Reverso, Master, Rendez-Vous, Polaris, Duometre, Calibre 101, Atmos and Hybris Mechanica families.",
    "collections": [
      "Reverso",
      "Master",
      "Rendez-Vous",
      "Polaris",
      "Duometre",
      "Calibre 101",
      "Atmos",
      "Hybris Mechanica"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.jaeger-lecoultre.com/us-en/watches",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Richemont",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.jaeger-lecoultre.com/us-en/watches",
      "https://www.richemont.com/our-maisons/jaeger-lecoultre/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "junghans",
    "name": "Junghans",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Junghans traces its company history to Schramberg in Germany and presents a catalogue that combines watchmaking, design, and timekeeping technology. The brand's official material identifies Max Bill and Meister watches among its established lines.",
    "collections": ["max bill", "Meister", "FORM"],
    "official_url": "https://www.junghans.de/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.junghans.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/EN-Junghans-Catalogue-2024.pdf",
      "https://junghans.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EN-2023-Press-Release-Junghans_Time-Together_Meister.pdf"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue PDF could not be fetched (HTTP 400/oversize); details rely on indexed official material."
  },
  {
    "id": "kuoe",
    "name": "Kuoe",
    "origin_country": "Japan",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Watch brand established in Kyoto in 2020, according to its official story. Founder Yuki Uchimura describes a focus on classic watch design; the site lists Old Smith among the brand's models.",
    "collections": ["Old Smith"],
    "official_url": "https://www.kuoe-en.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.kuoe-en.com/about"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "kurono-tokyo",
    "name": "Kurono Tokyo",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Watch brand whose official site says every Kurono begins with independent watchmaker Hajime Asaoka. Named families include Special Projects, Salon Editions, Complications, Grand and Bunkyo Tokyo Classic series.",
    "collections": [
      "Special Projects",
      "Salon Editions",
      "Complications Series",
      "Grand Series",
      "Bunkyo Tokyo Classic Series"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://kuronotokyo.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://kuronotokyo.com/",
      "https://kuronotokyo.com/collections"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official homepage verifies Hajime Asaoka and named series. Tokyo appears in names, but reviewed text does not substantiate country of origin; null."
  },
  {
    "id": "laco",
    "name": "Laco",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Laco describes itself as a German watch manufacturer based in Pforzheim, with a company history beginning in 1925. Its official range includes pilot watches, marine watches, chronographs, and mission watches, including an Original pilot-watch family.",
    "collections": ["Original Pilot Watch"],
    "official_url": "https://www.laco-watches.com/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.laco-watches.com/en/about-laco/history",
      "https://www.laco.de/en/watches/pilot-watch-original/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page: Pforzheim history and pilot-watch heritage."
  },
  {
    "id": "lang-heyne",
    "name": "Lang & Heyne",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Lang & Heyne describes its collection as mechanical watchmaking from Dresden, Saxony, with hand-finished manufacture calibres. Its model names refer to Saxon rulers and its official pages emphasize the brand's Dresden origins.",
    "collections": [
      "Hektor",
      "Georg",
      "Anton",
      "Friedrich II",
      "Friedrich III",
      "Friedrich Augustus I",
      "Johann",
      "Moritz"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.lang-und-heyne.de/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.lang-und-heyne.de/en/collection/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official collection URL returned no readable page text (zero lines); details remain based on search excerpts."
  },
  {
    "id": "laurent-ferrier",
    "name": "Laurent Ferrier",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Laurent Ferrier's official site provides a 2026 catalogue and lists watch families by case and movement, including Classic, Square, Grand Sport, Micro-Rotor and Tourbillon. The source is the brand's own catalogue page.",
    "collections": [
      "Classic",
      "Square",
      "Grand Sport",
      "Micro-Rotor",
      "Origin",
      "Tourbillon"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://laurentferrier.ch/pages/catalogue",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://laurentferrier.ch/pages/catalogue",
      "https://laurentferrier.ch/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "lip",
    "name": "LIP",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "LIP traces its history to a watchmaking workshop founded in Besançon in 1867 and says its present company develops and manufactures watches there. Its history page documents families including T18, Nautic-Ski, Himalaya, Rallye, and Mach 2000.",
    "collections": ["T18", "Nautic-Ski", "Himalaya", "Rallye", "Mach 2000"],
    "official_url": "https://lip.fr/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://lip.fr/en/content/6-our-history"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official history page returned 403 Forbidden; record relies on indexed official-page excerpts."
  },
  {
    "id": "longines",
    "name": "Longines",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Longines traces its roots to Saint-Imier, Switzerland, in 1832. Its corporate profile identifies the company's location and describes its history in watchmaking and sports timekeeping; collection details are not enumerated here.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/longines",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/longines",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "louis-erard",
    "name": "Louis Erard",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Louis Erard's official product page presents collection categories including 2340, Bronze, Chrono and several Esprit dial treatments. The entry uses the current official product listing and does not infer manufacturing arrangements.",
    "collections": [
      "2340",
      "Bronze",
      "Chrono",
      "Esprit Flinqué",
      "Esprit Gravé",
      "Esprit Guilloché"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.louiserard.com/products",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.louiserard.com/products"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "marathon",
    "name": "Marathon Watch",
    "origin_country": "Canada",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Canadian watch company founded by Morris Wein in 1939, with company roots stated as 1904. Marathon describes its watches as designed in Canada and handcrafted in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, with military timing history dating to 1941.",
    "collections": [
      "Diver's",
      "Pilot's",
      "General Purpose",
      "Special Projects",
      "Limited Edition"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.marathonwatch.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Wein family (fourth generation)",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.marathonwatch.com/pages/about-us",
      "https://www.marathonwatch.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official About confirms Canadian identity, 1939 founding by Morris Wein, 1904 predecessor and Swiss engineering. Listed categories are visible in official catalogue."
  },
  {
    "id": "march-lab",
    "name": "March LA.B",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "March LA.B's official story describes the brand as a French project founded by Alain Marhic, Joseph Chatel, and Jérôme Mage. The company presents watches with a 1970s design influence and says assembly and strap production shifted to France.",
    "collections": ["AM1", "JC1", "JM1"],
    "official_url": "https://march-lab.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://march-lab.com/en-de/pages/histoire-de-march-la-b"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Story page: founders and link between name, Los Angeles and Biarritz."
  },
  {
    "id": "maurice-lacroix",
    "name": "Maurice Lacroix",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Maurice Lacroix's official US site lists Masterpiece, AIKON, 1975, Pontos and Fiaba collections. The brand describes its products as Swiss watches and offers customer care through its official site.",
    "collections": ["Masterpiece", "AIKON", "1975", "Pontos", "Fiaba"],
    "official_url": "https://www.mauricelacroix.com/us_en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.mauricelacroix.com/us_en/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "mb-and-f",
    "name": "MB&F",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "MB&F's official site groups its wristwatch creations into Horological Machines, Legacy Machines and Special Projects, alongside co-creations such as clocks and music boxes. Its catalogue includes both current and past machines.",
    "collections": [
      "Horological Machines",
      "Legacy Machines",
      "Special Projects"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.mbandf.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.mbandf.com/",
      "https://www.mbandf.com/odyssey/about-mbf"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "meistersinger",
    "name": "MeisterSinger",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "MeisterSinger describes its design identity as a single-hand approach to reading time, inspired by the early history of clocks and watches. The company presents the watches as German design paired with Swiss-made movements.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://meistersinger.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://meistersinger.com/en/the-brand/portrait/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Portrait page: single-hand concept, German design and Swiss-made positioning."
  },
  {
    "id": "mido",
    "name": "Mido",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Mido was founded by Swiss watchmaker Georges Schaeren in 1918 and is headquartered in Le Locle, according to its Swatch Group profile. The profile identifies it as a Swiss watch brand; collection families are omitted.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/mido",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/mido",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "minase",
    "name": "Minase",
    "origin_country": "Japan",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Japanese independent watch brand developed by a precision-tooling company. Its named families include Divido, Windows, Horizon, Uruga, Master Craft and Japan Art Collection, including lacquer and artist-dial work.",
    "collections": [
      "Divido",
      "Windows",
      "Horizon",
      "Uruga",
      "Master Craft",
      "Japan Art Collection"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://minase-watches.com/world/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://minase-watches.com/world/our-story",
      "https://minase-watches.com/world/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official story identifies MINASE as KYOWA brand, labels it Japanese and lists the cited families. The opened page does not support 2001 launch year; removed."
  },
  {
    "id": "moritz-grossmann",
    "name": "Moritz Grossmann",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Moritz Grossmann's official history centres on Glashütte watchmaker Carl Moritz Grossmann and the modern company founded there in 2008. The brand says its contemporary workshop interprets historic watchmaking through hand-finished mechanical timepieces.",
    "collections": ["BENU"],
    "official_url": "https://www.grossmann-uhren.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.grossmann-uhren.com/geschichte/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page in German: Glashütte location and BENU family reference."
  },
  {
    "id": "mr-jones-watches",
    "name": "Mr Jones Watches",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Mr Jones Watches says it was founded in London in 2007 by Crispin Jones and makes artist-designed watches. Its company page describes two London workshops and a focus on distinctive designs developed with artists and designers.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://mrjoneswatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://mrjoneswatches.com/pages/about",
      "https://mrjoneswatches.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page: artist-designed watches and London workshops."
  },
  {
    "id": "muhle-glashutte",
    "name": "Mühle-Glashütte",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Mühle-Glashütte’s official history page describes the company’s watchmaking heritage in Glashütte, beginning with Robert Mühle in 1869.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.muehle-glashuette.de/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.muehle-glashuette.de/manufaktur/geschichte/",
      "https://www.muehle-glashuette.de/en/wristwatches/the-history-of-the-teutonia/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page in German: Glashütte heritage and company history."
  },
  {
    "id": "nomos-glashutte",
    "name": "NOMOS Glashütte",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "NOMOS Glashütte’s official family page lists named watch ranges including Tangente, Ahoi, Metro, Ludwig, Orion, and Club.",
    "collections": ["Tangente", "Ahoi", "Metro", "Ludwig", "Orion", "Club"],
    "official_url": "https://nomos-glashuette.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://nomos-glashuette.com/de/uhren/familien",
      "https://nomos-glashuette.com/de-no/manufaktur/design"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Family-list page: model-family names; it does not support every design/manufacture detail in the summary."
  },
  {
    "id": "omega",
    "name": "Omega",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Omega was founded in 1848 and is based in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. Swatch Group's official profile describes its mechanical watchmaking and sports timekeeping activity, and names Speedmaster as a collection family.",
    "collections": ["Speedmaster"],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/omega",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/omega",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "orient",
    "name": "Orient",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Watch brand whose official site organises its watches under Classic, Contemporary, Sports and Revival. It also maintains product search, brand story, service-network and user-guide sections.",
    "collections": ["Classic", "Contemporary", "Sports", "Revival"],
    "official_url": "https://orient-watch.com/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://orient-watch.com/en/sitemap/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official sitemap confirms collection categories and support structure. About page did not expose readable origin history; origin is null."
  },
  {
    "id": "orient-star",
    "name": "Orient Star",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Orient's higher-end companion brand, presented separately in the official Orient site navigation. Its current collection structure includes Classic, Contemporary and Sports, with dedicated brand-value and product-search pages.",
    "collections": ["Classic", "Contemporary", "Sports"],
    "official_url": "https://orient-watch.com/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://orient-watch.com/en/sitemap/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official sitemap lists Orient Star separately with Classic, Contemporary and Sports; it does not document origin. Treated as companion brand."
  },
  {
    "id": "oris",
    "name": "Oris",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Oris's official US catalogue lists Artelier, Big Crown, ProPilot X, ProPilot, Aquis, Divers and Heritage collections. This entry uses the brand's live catalogue for the families and makes no claim about market stock.",
    "collections": [
      "Artelier",
      "Big Crown",
      "ProPilot X",
      "ProPilot",
      "Aquis",
      "Divers",
      "Heritage"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.oris.ch/en-US/product/watch",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.oris.ch/en-US/product/watch"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "panerai",
    "name": "Panerai",
    "origin_country": "Italy",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Panerai’s official history page records the brand’s Florence roots, while the official site navigation lists Luminor, Submersible, Radiomir, and Luminor Due watch families.",
    "collections": ["Radiomir", "Luminor", "Submersible", "Mare Nostrum"],
    "official_url": "https://www.panerai.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.panerai.com/ch/en/world-of-panerai/history.html"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page readable and opened; confirms Florence roots; navigation exposes watch families."
  },
  {
    "id": "patek-philippe",
    "name": "Patek Philippe",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Patek Philippe's official collection page lists Grand Complications, Complications, Calatrava, Gondolo, Golden Ellipse, Cubitus, Nautilus, Aquanaut and Twenty~4. The catalogue is used here for current names only.",
    "collections": [
      "Grand Complications",
      "Complications",
      "Calatrava",
      "Gondolo",
      "Golden Ellipse",
      "Cubitus",
      "Nautilus",
      "Aquanaut",
      "Twenty~4"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.patek.com/en/collection",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.patek.com/en/collection"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "pequignet",
    "name": "Pequignet",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Pequignet’s official catalogue presents the Royale line and identifies Calibre Royal, Calibre Initial, and French-movement listings among its watches.",
    "collections": ["Royale", "Royale Paris"],
    "official_url": "https://pequignet.com/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://pequignet.com/en/collections/modeles-royales"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Royale catalogue: named model families and French-movement product listings."
  },
  {
    "id": "piaget",
    "name": "Piaget",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Piaget's official US watch catalogue lists current Polo, Altiplano, Sixtie, Andy Warhol and Limelight Gala models. Richemont includes Piaget among its specialist watchmakers; the catalogue is the source for the collection names shown.",
    "collections": [
      "Polo",
      "Altiplano",
      "Sixtie",
      "Andy Warhol",
      "Limelight Gala"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.piaget.com/us-en/watches/all-watches",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Richemont",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.piaget.com/us-en/watches/all-watches",
      "https://www.richemont.com/news-media/press-releases-news/celebrating-our-watchmaking-excellence-at-watches-and-wonders-geneva-2023/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "polar",
    "name": "Polar",
    "origin_country": "Finland",
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "Finnish sports technology brand known for training watches and wearable heart-rate devices. Its official history describes an idea originating in northern Finland and dates the start of its wearable-device industry to 1977; current watch series include Grit X, Vantage, Pacer and Ignite.",
    "collections": ["Grit X", "Vantage", "Pacer", "Ignite"],
    "official_url": "https://www.polar.com/en",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.polar.com/en",
      "https://www.polar.com/en/about_polar/who_we_are"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue and About page were opened; the page supports Finland/1977 and named series directly. Model generations differ by region and catalogue date."
  },
  {
    "id": "rado",
    "name": "Rado",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Rado's official profile places its 1917 beginnings in Lengnau, Switzerland, and lists the company in Swatch Group's watch portfolio. The profile highlights its development and use of high-tech ceramic; no current product families are specified here.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/rado",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/rado",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "raymond-weil",
    "name": "Raymond Weil",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Raymond Weil describes itself as a Geneva-based independent family-owned company founded in 1976. Its official catalogue presents Freelancer, Millesime, A.R.T. and Toccata collection families.",
    "collections": ["Freelancer", "Millesime", "A.R.T.", "Toccata"],
    "official_url": "https://www.raymond-weil.com/en-us/products",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.raymond-weil.com/en-us/products",
      "https://www.raymond-weil.com/en-us"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Direct open returned a very large storefront; product-family evidence was available only through the official search-fetched catalogue excerpt."
  },
  {
    "id": "roger-dubuis",
    "name": "Roger Dubuis",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Roger Dubuis was founded in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1995. Its current official collections page lists Excalibur, Excalibur Spider, Knights of the Round Table and Velvet; Richemont includes the Maison among specialist watchmakers.",
    "collections": [
      "Excalibur",
      "Excalibur Spider",
      "Knights of the Round Table",
      "Velvet"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.rogerdubuis.com/eu-en/collections",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Richemont",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.rogerdubuis.com/eu-en/collections",
      "https://www.richemont.com/our-maisons/roger-dubuis/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "roger-w-smith",
    "name": "Roger W. Smith",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "The official philosophy page places Roger W. Smith’s watchmaking workshop on the Isle of Man and describes a focus on British horological heritage.",
    "collections": [
      "Series One",
      "Series Two",
      "Series Three",
      "Series Four",
      "Series Five",
      "Series Six"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.rwsmithwatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.rwsmithwatches.com/the-watchmaker/",
      "https://www.rwsmithwatches.com/watches/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Official philosophy page opened after redirect; describes Isle of Man workshop. Series page not directly reviewed."
  },
  {
    "id": "rolex",
    "name": "Rolex",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Rolex traces its early company to London in 1905 and describes itself today as an independent Swiss watch manufacture headquartered in Geneva. The catalogue uses United Kingdom for that documented founding origin; current watch families are listed on its official catalogue.",
    "collections": ["Oyster Perpetual", "Perpetual"],
    "official_url": "https://www.rolex.com/Watches",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.rolex.com/Watches",
      "https://www.rolex.com/en-us/about-rolex/history/1905-1919",
      "https://www.rolex.com/en-gb/about-rolex"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "samsung-galaxy-watch",
    "name": "Samsung Galaxy Watch",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "Samsung's Galaxy wearable range includes Galaxy Watch, Classic and Ultra families. Samsung describes the products as health-tracking smartwatches and maintains separate official catalogue and model-explainer pages.",
    "collections": [
      "Galaxy Watch",
      "Galaxy Watch Classic",
      "Galaxy Watch Ultra"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.samsung.com/us/watches/all-watches/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.samsung.com/us/watches/all-watches/",
      "https://www.samsung.com/us/explore/mobile/buying-guide/watch-models-explained/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official Samsung catalogue confirms Galaxy Watch, Classic and Ultra. US market page does not establish origin or legal ownership; null."
  },
  {
    "id": "sea-gull",
    "name": "Sea-Gull",
    "origin_country": "China",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Chinese mechanical-watch brand with an official catalogue spanning chronographs, tourbillons, dive watches, moon-phase models and the Sea-Gull 1963 family. Its English-language site presents the company as rooted in Chinese watchmaking heritage.",
    "collections": [
      "1963",
      "Chronograph",
      "Tourbillon",
      "Dive Watch",
      "Moon Phase",
      "Master Sea-Gull"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://seagullwatchofficial.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://seagullwatchofficial.com/pages/about-us",
      "https://seagullwatchofficial.com/collections"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "seiko",
    "name": "Seiko",
    "origin_country": "Japan",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Japanese watch brand founded by Kintaro Hattori, whose company began in Tokyo in 1881. Seiko's current range includes Prospex, Presage, Astron and Seiko 5 Sports, spanning sports, dress, GPS solar and everyday watches.",
    "collections": ["Prospex", "Presage", "Astron", "Seiko 5 Sports"],
    "official_url": "https://www.seikowatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Seiko Group Corporation",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.seikowatches.com/au-en/news/20230906",
      "https://www.seikowatches.com/au-en/products/5sports/about"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "serica",
    "name": "Serica",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Serica says it was founded in Paris in 2019 and designs mechanical watches as functional instruments. Its official collection pages identify references 6190, 7505, 5303, 8315, and 1174; the company states its watches are made in Switzerland.",
    "collections": ["6190", "7505", "5303", "8315", "1174"],
    "official_url": "https://serica-watches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://serica-watches.com/en/pages/our-history",
      "https://serica-watches.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page opened and readable; includes brand history and collection navigation."
  },
  {
    "id": "shanghai-watch",
    "name": "Shanghai Watch",
    "origin_country": "China",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Shanghai Watch describes itself as established in 1955 and as the first domestically developed watch brand in China. Its current English catalogue groups watches under ORIGINATE, THE BUND, ARTISTIC, SH LADIES and MEMOIR, with named designs nested beneath those headings.",
    "collections": ["ORIGINATE", "THE BUND", "ARTISTIC", "SH LADIES", "MEMOIR"],
    "official_url": "https://shanghaiwatch.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://shanghaiwatch.com/products"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official About page supports 1955 history; catalogue confirms five top-level groups. The separate-domain collection URL was removed because the research note identifies it as unnecessary."
  },
  {
    "id": "shinola",
    "name": "Shinola",
    "origin_country": "United States",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "American design brand established in Detroit in 2011. Shinola says its Detroit factory opened in 2012 and assembled its first Runwell watch in 2013; current watch families include Runwell, Duck, Birdy, Mechanic and Detrola.",
    "collections": ["Runwell", "Duck", "Birdy", "Mechanic", "Detrola"],
    "official_url": "https://www.shinola.com/collections/watches",
    "support_url": "https://www.shinola.com/pages/customer-care",
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.shinola.com/pages/about",
      "https://www.shinola.com/collections/watches",
      "https://www.shinola.com/pages/customer-care"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "sinn",
    "name": "Sinn Spezialuhren",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Sinn Spezialuhren identifies its company address in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Its official catalogue describes instrument watches whose design draws on cockpit navigation clocks, alongside product categories for pilot, diving, and other functional watches.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.sinn.de/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.sinn.de/en/watches/range-of-watch/instrument-watches/",
      "https://www.sinn.de/impressum-sinn/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Official instrument-watch endpoint returned 403 Forbidden; record relies on official search excerpts."
  },
  {
    "id": "skagen",
    "name": "Skagen",
    "origin_country": "Denmark",
    "category": "Fashion watch brand",
    "summary": "Watch and jewellery brand whose official US site describes inspiration from Danish life, Copenhagen design and Denmark’s landscape. The current catalogue features Signatur and Mellem watch collections, including minimalist analog and digital models.",
    "collections": ["Signatur", "Mellem"],
    "official_url": "https://www.skagen.com/en-us/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Fossil Group, Inc.",
    "source_urls": ["https://www.skagen.com/en-us/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official US catalogue page was opened and states Danish inspiration and the two collection names. Fossil Group copyright appears on that same page; this identifies corporate group, not manufacture location."
  },
  {
    "id": "stowa",
    "name": "STOWA",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "STOWA identifies itself as a German watch brand with a history beginning in 1927. Its official history describes pilot and marine watchmaking and names current or revived families including Flieger, Seatime, Partitio, and Antea.",
    "collections": ["Flieger", "Seatime", "Partitio", "Antea"],
    "official_url": "https://www.stowa.de/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.stowa.de/history-since-1927",
      "https://www.stowa.de/klassische-uhren"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page: Black Forest origin and official model lines."
  },
  {
    "id": "studio-underd0g",
    "name": "Studio Underd0g",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Studio Underd0g describes itself as a British watch studio whose watches are assembled in Great Britain. Its official account credits founder Richard Benc with the name and design-led concept, and identifies 01Series, 02Series, and 03Series ranges.",
    "collections": ["01Series", "02Series", "03Series"],
    "official_url": "https://underd0g.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://underd0g.com/pages/about-us"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page: brand and series; assembly wording was available in official page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "suunto",
    "name": "Suunto",
    "origin_country": "Finland",
    "category": "Smartwatch brand",
    "summary": "Finnish sports technology brand whose product range includes sports watches, dive products, compasses and accessories. Its official heritage page traces the company to Finnish adventurer Tuomas Vohlonen and highlights its development of navigation and diving instruments.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.suunto.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.suunto.com/",
      "https://www.suunto.com/About-Suunto/heritage/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official product page and heritage text were opened; the latter directly states the Finnish identity and founding story. Current homepage product families render incompletely, so no collection labels are asserted."
  },
  {
    "id": "swatch",
    "name": "Swatch",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Swatch was founded in Switzerland in 1983 and is one of Swatch Group's watch brands. The company's official profile describes a design-led watch range with regularly released models and special collections.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/swatch",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/swatch",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "tag-heuer",
    "name": "TAG Heuer",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "TAG Heuer's official catalogue lists Carrera, Formula 1, Aquaracer, Monaco, Connected and Link. The brand is included in LVMH's Watches & Jewelry portfolio and has its Swiss watchmaking heritage in La Chaux-de-Fonds and other Swiss locations.",
    "collections": [
      "Carrera",
      "Formula 1",
      "Aquaracer",
      "Monaco",
      "Connected",
      "Link"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.tagheuer.com/gb/en/timepieces/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "LVMH",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.tagheuer.com/gb/en/timepieces/",
      "https://www.lvmh.com/our-maisons/watches-jewelry"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official search excerpt",
    "source_notes": "Direct catalogue open failed because the official page exceeded the fetch limit; retained only facts available in official search-fetched content."
  },
  {
    "id": "timex",
    "name": "Timex",
    "origin_country": null,
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Timex is a watch brand whose official US catalogue currently groups watches as Waterbury, Q Timex, Marlin, Expedition, Deepwater and Reissue. Its official history page says the brand dates to 1854, but reviewed text does not identify the original Waterbury Clock Company.",
    "collections": [
      "Waterbury",
      "Q Timex",
      "Marlin",
      "Expedition",
      "Deepwater",
      "Reissue"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://timex.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://timex.com/pages/about-us",
      "https://timex.com/collections"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official history/catalogue confirms 1854 and named families. It did not support the Waterbury Clock Company detail or country of origin; removed."
  },
  {
    "id": "tissot",
    "name": "Tissot",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Tissot was established in Le Locle, Switzerland, in 1853. Its Swatch Group profile names T-Touch, PRX and Chemin des Tourelles as collections and identifies the company as part of the group's watch portfolio.",
    "collections": ["T-Touch", "PRX", "Chemin des Tourelles"],
    "official_url": "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/tissot",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Swatch Group",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/companies-brands/watches-jewelry/tissot",
      "https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/brands-companies"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "titan",
    "name": "Titan",
    "origin_country": "India",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Titan is an Indian watch brand whose official history says its watchmaking journey began in 1984. Its current Indian catalogue lists lines including Edge, Raga, Nebula, Stellar, Grandmaster and Maritime.",
    "collections": [
      "Edge",
      "Raga",
      "Nebula",
      "Stellar",
      "Grandmaster",
      "Maritime"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.titan.co.in/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Titan Company Limited",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.titan.co.in/40-yoj-history.html",
      "https://www.titan.co.in/our-brands.html"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official history supports 1984 start; catalogue supports listed lines. Prior Tata Industries/TIDCO joint-venture detail was absent from reviewed pages and removed."
  },
  {
    "id": "titoni",
    "name": "Titoni",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Titoni describes itself as an independent, family-owned Swiss watch company dating to 1919. Its official site presents a current watch catalogue and identifies customer service, although the collection overview is not itemized here.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.titoni.ch/de/en/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.titoni.ch/de/en/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "trilobe",
    "name": "Trilobe",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Trilobe’s official Une Folle Journée page describes its signature three-ring display, with the rings indicating hours, minutes, and seconds.",
    "collections": ["Une Folle Journée"],
    "official_url": "https://trilobe.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://trilobe.com/collections/une-folle-journee/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Une Folle Journée collection: three-ring time display and collection details."
  },
  {
    "id": "tudor",
    "name": "Tudor",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Tudor's official catalogue currently lists Black Bay, Pelagos, Royal, Monarch, Ranger, Northflag, 1926 and Clair de Rose families. Its official website identifies the brand as a Swiss watchmaker; ownership details are not assigned here.",
    "collections": [
      "Black Bay",
      "Pelagos",
      "Royal",
      "Monarch",
      "Ranger",
      "Northflag",
      "1926",
      "Clair de Rose"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.tudorwatch.com/en/collections",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.tudorwatch.com/en/collections",
      "https://www.tudorwatch.com/en"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "tutima",
    "name": "Tutima Glashütte",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Tutima traces its founding to Glashütte in 1927 and describes a return to watchmaking at that location. Its official catalogue lists families including Flieger, Patria, M2, Sky, Grand Flieger, Saxon One, and Hommage.",
    "collections": [
      "Flieger",
      "Patria",
      "M2",
      "Sky",
      "Grand Flieger",
      "Saxon One",
      "Hommage"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://tutima.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://tutima.com/",
      "https://tutima.com/de/uhren/saxon-one/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Homepage: Glashütte and listed product families."
  },
  {
    "id": "tw-steel",
    "name": "TW Steel",
    "origin_country": "Netherlands",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Dutch-designed watch brand founded by father-and-son Ton and Jordy Cobelens. Its official About page identifies Jordy as CEO and Ton as the designer responsible for the brand’s visual style; the company presents watches as bold statement pieces.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://twsteel.com/",
    "support_url": "https://twsteel.com/pages/support",
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://twsteel.com/pages/about-us",
      "https://twsteel.com/pages/support"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official About page was opened and directly supports Dutch design identity and the founders’ roles. Official support page was also opened; no origin/manufacturing location beyond design is inferred."
  },
  {
    "id": "u-boat",
    "name": "U-Boat",
    "origin_country": "Italy",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "U-Boat’s official About page describes a watch brand based in Tuscany near Lucca and associates its designs with Italo Fontana.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://www.uboatwatch.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.uboatwatch.com/it/about-us/",
      "https://www.uboatwatch.com/it/storia-e-tecnologia/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page in Italian: Tuscan base near Lucca and Made in Tuscany positioning."
  },
  {
    "id": "ulysse-nardin",
    "name": "Ulysse Nardin",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Ulysse Nardin identifies itself as an independent Swiss manufacture founded in 1846. Its official US site currently groups watches into Freak, Blast, Diver and Marine collections.",
    "collections": ["Freak", "Blast", "Diver", "Marine"],
    "official_url": "https://www.ulysse-nardin.com/en-us",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://www.ulysse-nardin.com/en-us"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "unimatic",
    "name": "Unimatic",
    "origin_country": "Italy",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Unimatic’s official About page organizes watches into Classic and Toolwatch lines, with UC and UT references shown in its navigation.",
    "collections": [
      "Modello Uno",
      "Modello Due",
      "Modello Tre",
      "Modello Quattro",
      "Classic",
      "Toolwatch"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.unimaticwatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.unimaticwatches.com/pages/about",
      "https://www.unimaticwatches.com/pages/our-lines"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: About page: Classic/Toolwatch ranges and named model families."
  },
  {
    "id": "union-glashutte",
    "name": "Union Glashütte",
    "origin_country": "Germany",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Union Glashütte says its watchmaking history began in 1893 and connects its collections to the town's watchmaking heritage. The current official catalogue includes 1893, Belisar, Noramis, Averin, Viro, and Seris families.",
    "collections": ["1893", "Belisar", "Noramis", "Averin", "Viro", "Seris"],
    "official_url": "https://www.union-glashuette.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.union-glashuette.com/en_int/brand-world-of-union-glashuette-our-history",
      "https://www.union-glashuette.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page: Glashütte connection and historic founding narrative."
  },
  {
    "id": "vacheron-constantin",
    "name": "Vacheron Constantin",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Vacheron Constantin's official UK catalogue lists Overseas, Historiques, Traditionnelle, Fiftysix, Patrimony, Égérie, Métiers d'Art and Heures Créatives collections. Richemont includes the Maison among its specialist watchmakers.",
    "collections": [
      "Overseas",
      "Historiques",
      "Traditionnelle",
      "Fiftysix",
      "Patrimony",
      "Égérie",
      "Métiers d'Art",
      "Heures Créatives"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://www.vacheron-constantin.com/gb/en/watches/all-collections.html",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Richemont",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.vacheron-constantin.com/gb/en/watches/all-collections.html",
      "https://www.richemont.com/news-media/press-releases-news/celebrating-our-watchmaking-excellence-at-watches-and-wonders-geneva-2023/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "vaer",
    "name": "Vaer",
    "origin_country": "United States",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Independent watch company founded in Venice, California in 2016 by Ryan Torres and Reagan Cook. Its collection includes field, dive, GMT and chronograph designs, with both solar, quartz and automatic movements represented.",
    "collections": ["Field", "Dive", "Chronograph", "GMT"],
    "official_url": "https://www.vaerwatches.com/",
    "support_url": "https://www.vaerwatches.com/pages/faqs",
    "ownership": "Independently owned and operated",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.vaerwatches.com/pages/about",
      "https://www.vaerwatches.com/",
      "https://www.vaerwatches.com/pages/faqs"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official about page supports 2016 founding in Venice, California and independent US operation. Catalogue uses style labels, not C/D/G/S/R series."
  },
  {
    "id": "vario",
    "name": "Vario",
    "origin_country": "Singapore",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Vario is an independent watch brand designed in Singapore. It describes a vintage-inspired catalogue, small-batch production, Japanese or Swiss movements, and individual inspection in Singapore before shipment.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://vario.sg/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://vario.sg/pages/about-us",
      "https://vario.sg/pages/why-buy-vario"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official About page supports Singapore design, small batches and inspection. Exact 2016 founding date was not confirmed in reviewed text and was removed."
  },
  {
    "id": "venezianico",
    "name": "Venezianico",
    "origin_country": "Italy",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Venezianico’s official story page describes the Morelli brothers’ Venice roots and their watch-brand idea, while the catalogue lists Redentore, Arsenale, Nereide, and Bucintoro.",
    "collections": ["Redentore", "Bucintoro", "Arsenale", "Nereide"],
    "official_url": "https://it.venezianico.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://it.venezianico.com/pages/our-story",
      "https://us.venezianico.com/"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Story page in Italian: Morelli brothers’ Venice roots and origin story."
  },
  {
    "id": "vertex",
    "name": "Vertex",
    "origin_country": "United Kingdom",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Vertex presents its current range as British-designed watches combining British design with Swiss engineering. Its official catalogue lists M36, M100, M60, and MP45 models, with military-inspired designs among the brand's stated focus.",
    "collections": ["M36", "M100", "M60", "MP45"],
    "official_url": "https://vertex-watches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://vertex-watches.com/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: Homepage: watch families and British design/Swiss engineering positioning."
  },
  {
    "id": "vortic",
    "name": "Vortic Watch Company",
    "origin_country": "United States",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Vortic adapts restored antique American pocket watches into wristwatches. Its American Artisan Series presents these pieces as preserving US watchmaking, while the company also offers a Military Edition; reviewed official About page does not state its city.",
    "collections": ["American Artisan Series", "Military Edition"],
    "official_url": "https://vorticwatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": [
      "https://vorticwatches.com/",
      "https://vorticwatches.com/pages/about-us"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official About page supports the American Artisan/US watchmaking description. Fort Collins was not confirmed in reviewed page and was removed."
  },
  {
    "id": "vulcain",
    "name": "Vulcain",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Vulcain's official site traces the manufacture to La Chaux-de-Fonds in 1858 and lists Cricket, Skindiver, Grand Prix, Monopusher and Chrono 70's ranges. These collection names reflect the current site navigation.",
    "collections": [
      "Cricket",
      "Nautical Cricket",
      "Skindiver",
      "Grand Prix",
      "Monopusher",
      "Chrono 70's"
    ],
    "official_url": "https://vulcain.ch/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://vulcain.ch/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  },
  {
    "id": "weiss",
    "name": "Weiss Watch Company",
    "origin_country": "United States",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Independent American watch company founded by Cameron Weiss in 2013. Its official profile describes a Nashville atelier producing limited mechanical timepieces, with hand-finished cases, inspected dials and watches assembled in small batches.",
    "collections": [],
    "official_url": "https://weisswatchcompany.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "Independently owned and led by founder Cameron Weiss",
    "source_urls": ["https://weisswatchcompany.com/pages/about"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official catalogue/about page was opened and checked for the listed brand facts and collections; the entry does not infer manufacturing location."
  },
  {
    "id": "yema",
    "name": "YEMA",
    "origin_country": "France",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "YEMA describes itself as a French watchmaking house based in Morteau, with roots dating to 1948. The company history names Superman, Yachtingraf, and Spationaute among its historic families and describes its current ownership and production base.",
    "collections": ["Superman", "Yachtingraf", "Spationaute"],
    "official_url": "https://yema.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://yema.com/fr/pages/our-story"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Direct review: History page in French: French watchmaking house and Morteau location."
  },
  {
    "id": "zelos",
    "name": "Zelos",
    "origin_country": "Singapore",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Zelos is a watch brand founded by Elshan Tang in 2014. The company says Tang designs its watches in Singapore and draws inspiration from unusual environments, materials and settings; Swordfish is identified as one of its collections.",
    "collections": ["Swordfish"],
    "official_url": "https://zeloswatches.com/",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": null,
    "source_urls": ["https://zeloswatches.com/"],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Official About page confirms founder, 2014 founding and Singapore design. Product catalogue identifies Swordfish; only this verified featured collection retained."
  },
  {
    "id": "zenith",
    "name": "Zenith",
    "origin_country": "Switzerland",
    "category": "Watch brand",
    "summary": "Zenith's official UK catalogue lists Chronomaster, Defy, G.F.J., Icons and Pilot collections. LVMH includes Zenith among its Watches & Jewelry Maisons; the current catalogue page provides the names recorded here.",
    "collections": ["Chronomaster", "Defy", "G.F.J.", "Icons", "Pilot"],
    "official_url": "https://www.zenith-watches.com/en_gb/products/watches",
    "support_url": null,
    "ownership": "LVMH",
    "source_urls": [
      "https://www.zenith-watches.com/en_gb/products/watches",
      "https://www.lvmh.com/our-maisons/watches-jewelry"
    ],
    "checked": "2026-10-25",
    "status": "Official catalogue found",
    "evidence_status": "Official page reviewed",
    "source_notes": "Opened the official page; relevant brand identity and/or catalogue details were visible in extracted page text."
  }
]